Questions
Find answers to frequently asked development questions. For information about Better Stack products, explore our docs.
How to Find a Deleted File in the Project Commit History?
To find a deleted file in the project commit history in Git, you can use several commands to track when and where the file was deleted. Here are a few methods to achieve this: Method 1: Using git l...
How to Grep (Search Through) Committed Code in the Git History
To search through committed code in the Git history, you can use several methods. The most common and powerful tools for this purpose are git grep and git log combined with options like -G or -S. M...
How to Undo “Git Commit --Amend” Done Instead of “Git Commit”
If you accidentally used git commit --amend instead of git commit, it means you modified the last commit. To undo this action, you'll need to restore the previous commit state. Here are steps to re...
How Can I View an Old Version of a File with Git?
To view an old version of a file with Git, you have several options depending on whether you want to simply view it, compare it with other versions, or temporarily restore it. Here are the most com...
Download a Single Folder or Directory from a Github Repository
Downloading a single folder or directory from a GitHub repository directly is not straightforward through the GitHub web interface, as GitHub does not provide an option to download individual direc...
How do I undo 'git reset'?
Undoing a git reset can be tricky depending on the type of reset you performed (--soft, --mixed, --hard) and the specific context. Here are steps for each scenario: 1. Soft or Mixed Reset If you us...
Detach (Move) Subdirectory into Separate Git Repository
To detach (move) a subdirectory into a separate Git repository, you can use the git subtree command. This approach allows you to preserve the history of the subdirectory. Here are the steps to achi...
How to Avoid Having to Do “Git Branch --set-upstream”, and Instead Default to Automatically Setup Remote Tracking?
To avoid having to manually set the upstream branch for each new branch you create and instead default to automatically set up remote tracking, you can configure Git to always set up remote trackin...
How Can I Get a List of Git Branches, Ordered by Most Recent Commit?
To get a list of Git branches ordered by their most recent commit, you can use the git for-each-ref command along with sorting options. Here’s a command that will do this for you: git for-each-ref ...
How to Get Just One File from Another Branch
To get a single file from another branch in Git, you can use the git checkout command. Here’s how to do it step by step: Identify the file and the branch: Determine the file you want to retrieve an...
How to See Normal Print Output During Pytest Run?
By default, pytest captures all output (print statements and logs) and displays it only if a test fails, keeping the output clean. However, you might want to see all output, even for passing tests....
How to Run a Method Before All Tests in All Classes?
In pytest, fixtures run setup code before tests across multiple classes or the entire test suite. They help provide reusable test data, manage resources like database connections, and set up test e...
How to Run Pytest Tests in Parallel?
To run Pytest tests in parallel, install the pytest-xdist plugin: pip install pytest-xdist Use the following command to run tests in parallel: pytest -n auto The -n auto option tells Pytest to dist...
What Is the Difference Between 'py.test' and 'pytest' Commands?
Pytest supports two commands: py.test and pytest. Originally, py.test was the standard, but with the release of Pytest 3.0 in August 2016, the pytest command was introduced and is now preferred. Bo...
How to Assert Almost Equal in Pytest?
To assert almost equal in Pytest, use the approx() method. This is useful for floating-point comparisons that may involve small rounding errors. Here's how to use it: import pytest def testapproxeq...
Download a Specific Tag with Git
To download a specific tag with Git, you can use the git checkout command along with the tag name. Here's how: git checkout tags/ Replace with the name of the tag you want to download. For example...
How to Replace Master Branch in Git, Entirely, from Another Branch?
To replace the master branch entirely with the contents of another branch, you can use the git checkout and git reset commands. Here's how you can do it: Checkout the branch you want to replace mas...
How Can I Delete All of My Git Stashes at Once?
To delete all of your Git stashes at once, you can use the git stash clear command. This command removes all stashed changes from the stash stack. Here's how to use it: git stash clear Running this...
How Do I Commit Case-Sensitive Only Filename Changes in Git?
To commit only case-sensitive filename changes in Git, you need to perform the following steps: Rename the File with a Temporary Name: Start by renaming the file to a temporary name, ensuring it di...
Remove Tracking Branches No Longer on Remote
To remove tracking branches in your local repository that no longer exist on the remote repository, you can use the git fetch command with the --prune option. This option deletes any remote trackin...
How Do You Merge Two Git Repositories?
Merging two Git repositories involves bringing the contents of one repository into another while preserving the commit history of both repositories. Here's a general approach to merge two Git repos...
Could Not Open a Connection to Your Authentication Agent
The error message "Could not open a connection to your authentication agent" typically occurs when the SSH agent is not running or when the SSH agent socket environment variable (SSH_AUTH_SOCK) is ...
Remove File from Latest Commit
To remove a file from the latest commit in Git, you can use the git reset command in combination with the --soft option and HEAD^ reference to reset the commit to the previous state while keeping t...
How to List Unpushed Git Commits (Local but Not on Origin)
To list the unpushed Git commits (local commits that haven't been pushed to the remote repository), you can use the git log command in conjunction with the --branches, --not, and --remotes options....
How Can I See the Changes in a Git Commit?
To see the changes introduced by a specific Git commit, you can use the git show command followed by the commit hash. Here's how: git show Replace with the hash of the commit you want to inspect....
How Do I Fetch All Git Branches?
To fetch all Git branches from a remote repository, you can use the git fetch command with the --all option. Here's how: git fetch --all This command fetches all branches from the remote repository...
Showing Which Files Have Changed between Two Revisions
To show which files have changed between two revisions in Git, you can use the git diff command with the --name-only option. Here's how you can do it: git diff --name-only Replace and with the ...
How Do You Stash an Untracked File?
To stash an untracked file in Git, you can use the git stash push command along with the -u or --include-untracked option. Here's how: git stash push --include-untracked This command stashes both t...
How to Throw Away Local Commits in Git
To discard or throw away local commits in Git, you have a few options depending on your specific scenario: Option 1: Discard Uncommitted Changes If you haven't yet committed your changes and want t...
When Do You Use Git Rebase Instead of Git Merge?
You would typically use git rebase instead of git merge in the following scenarios: Maintaining a Clean and Linear History: If you want to keep a clean and linear commit history without unnecessary...
How Can I Git Stash a Specific File?
To stash a specific file in Git, you can use the git stash push command with the path to the file you want to stash. Here's how to do it: git stash push -- Replace with the path to the file you w...
How Do I Recover a Dropped Stash in Git?
Recovering a dropped stash in Git involves identifying the commit associated with the dropped stash and creating a new branch or applying the stash directly. Here's how you can do it: Identify the ...
How Do I Delete a File from a Git Repository?
To delete a file from a Git repository, you need to perform the following steps: Delete the File Locally: Delete the file from your local working directory using your operating system's file manage...
How to Do a “Git Export” (Like “Svn Export”)?
In Git, there isn't a direct equivalent of svn export, which creates a clean copy of a repository without any version control metadata. However, you can achieve a similar result by using git archiv...
What Are the Differences between .gitignore and .gitkeep?
.gitignore and .gitkeep are two different files used in Git repositories for distinct purposes: .gitignore The .gitignore file is used to specify intentionally untracked files that Git should ignor...
How Do I Revert All Local Changes in Git Managed Project to Previous State?
To revert all local changes in a Git-managed project to the state of the previous commit, you can use the following commands: git reset --hard HEAD This command resets the current branch to the sta...
How Do I Show the Changes Which Have Been Staged?
To show the changes that have been staged (i.e., changes that have been added to the staging area), you can use the git diff --cached command. Here's how: git diff --cached This command will displa...
Branch from a Previous Commit Using Git
To create a new branch from a previous commit in Git, you can follow these steps: Find the commit hash of the desired previous commit. You can use git log to view the commit history and find the ha...
Make .Gitignore Ignore Everything except a Few Files
To make .gitignore ignore everything except a few files, you can use a combination of negation patterns and explicit file entries. Here's how you can achieve that: Open or create a .gitignore file ...
Pull Latest Changes for All Git Submodules
To pull the latest changes for all Git submodules in a repository, you can use the following commands: git submodule update --remote --recursive This command updates each submodule to the latest co...
How Do I Safely Merge a Git Branch into Master?
To safely merge a Git branch into the master branch (or any other target branch), you can follow these steps to ensure a smooth and reliable merge: First, ensure that your local master branch is up...
How Do I Delete All Git Branches Which Have Been Merged?
To delete all Git branches that have been merged into the current branch, you can use the following command: git branch --merged | grep -v "\*" | xargs -n 1 git branch -d This command performs the ...
How Can I Save Username and Password in Gi
To save your username and password in Git, you can use the credential helper feature. Git provides several credential helpers that you can use to securely store credentials. One commonly used crede...
How Do I “Git Clone” a Repo, Including Its Submodules?
To clone a Git repository including its submodules, you need to use the --recursive option with the git clone command. This option tells Git to initialize and clone all submodules recursively. Here...
How to List Only the Names of Files That Changed between Two Commits
To list only the names of files that changed between two commits in Git, you can use the git diff command with the --name-only option. Here's how you can do it: git diff --name-only Replace and ...
See What’s in a Stash without Applying It?
To see what's in a stash without applying it, you can use the git stash show command. This command displays the changes that are currently stashed. By default, it shows a summary of the changes mad...
How Do I Get the Hash for the Current Commit in Git?
To get the hash for the current commit in Git, you can use the git rev-parse HEAD command. Here's how you can do it: git rev-parse HEAD When you run this command, Git will output the full commit ha...
How Do I Make Git Ignore File Mode (Chmod) Changes?
To make Git ignore file mode (chmod) changes, you can use the core.fileMode configuration option. Here's how you can do it: Option 1: Configure Globally You can configure Git globally to ignore fil...
How Do I Change the Author and Committer Name/Email for Multiple Commits?
To change the author and committer name/email for multiple commits, you can use the git filter-branch command with the --env-filter option. This allows you to rewrite commit history by modifying en...
How Do I Clone a Git Repository into a Specific Folder?
To clone a Git repository into a specific folder, you can specify the target directory as an additional argument when running the git clone command. Here's how you can do it: git clone Replace w...
Thank you to everyone who
![makes this possible!]()
Here is to all the fantastic people that are contributing and sharing their amazing projects: Thank you!